Tugas Softskill
Bahasa Inggris
Disusun oleh:
Rose Iman Sari
16211462
1EA25
UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA
2012
Adverbial Clauses
Adverbial clauses
adalah anak kalimat yang fungsinya sebagai adverb atau menerangkan kata kerja
atau menjelaskan tentang induk kalimatnya. Untuk menjelaskan induk kalimat
tersebut, didahului oleh kata sambung atau dikenal dengan conjuction. Dapat
diklasifikasikan menjadi:
1. Clause of Time
Clause yang menunjukkan waktu, biasanya menggunakan kata sambung seperti before, after, while, when, as, by the time, until, as soon as, whenever, everytime, no sooner, dll.
Clause yang menunjukkan waktu, biasanya menggunakan kata sambung seperti before, after, while, when, as, by the time, until, as soon as, whenever, everytime, no sooner, dll.
·
After I had gotten dressed, I went out.
·
By the time he finished, I had cooked
dinner.
·
Before I ate, I had washed my hands.
·
No sooner had she entered than he gave
an order
2. Clause of Place
Clause yang menerangkan
tempat, biasanya menggunakan kata sambung seperti where, anywhere, wherever, everywhere.
Contoh :
·
Wherever there are
computers,
there is Microsoft
software.
·
They sat down wherever they could find
empty seats
·
You can put the box anywhere
3. Clause of Contrast
(or concession)
although, though, even though,
whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, despite, nevertheless, dll.
Contoh :
· Although it is raining, he still comes.
· In spite of rain, he still comes.
· Even though the weather was cold
· He stopped to help the boy though he was in hurry.
4. Clause of Manner
Clause yang menjelaskan cara bagaimana suatu peristiwa bisa terjadi. Biasanya menggunakan kata sambung seperti as, how, like, in that, dll.
Contoh :
· You may finish it how you like
· They may beat us again, like they did in 1978
· He sing as a professional singer
· Although it is raining, he still comes.
· In spite of rain, he still comes.
· Even though the weather was cold
· He stopped to help the boy though he was in hurry.
4. Clause of Manner
Clause yang menjelaskan cara bagaimana suatu peristiwa bisa terjadi. Biasanya menggunakan kata sambung seperti as, how, like, in that, dll.
Contoh :
· You may finish it how you like
· They may beat us again, like they did in 1978
· He sing as a professional singer
5. Clause of Purpose and Result
Clause of purpose adalah
untuk menyatakan tujuan, dibuat dengan menggunakan kata penghubung
seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that,
lest, in case,
dll.
Sedangkan
clause of result berubungan dengan akibat atau hasil, dibuat dengan kata
penghubung seperti therefore,
consequently, accordingly, so…that, such…that
Contoh clause of purpose :
·
They
went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
·
He is saving his money so that he
can ( may ) take a long vacation.
Contoh clause of result :
·
He
has lied to his parents therefore his parents got angry .
·
Aldi didn’t study well. Consequently, she failed the final exam.
·
She is so emotional that every little thing upsets her.
Perbedaan clause of pupose dan clause of result :
Adverbial
clause of purpose menggunakan auxiliary may, can, will, might, could, dan
would. Sedangkan clause of result
tidak memakai auxiliary tersebut.
6. Clause of Cause and Effect
Clause yang menerangkan tentang hubungan sebab-akibat. Kata penghubung untuk clause of cause and effect yaitu because, since, as, now that, inasmuch as, as/so long as, due to the fact that.
Contoh :
· I’m studying hard
because I want to pass my exam.
·
They had to leave early since their train left at 10.00am
·
Inasmuch as the students had successfully completed their
exams, their parents
rewarded their
efforts by giving them a trip to Paris.
·
We will be staying for an extra week due to the fact that we
have not yet finished.
7.
Clause of Condition
Clause yang menunjukkan adanya persyaratan dua kejadian (peristiwa) yang berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunctions seperti if, even if, unless, in the even that, or in even that, in
case, provided (that), providing (that), on condition that, if only, suppose
(that), supposing (that), otherwise dll.
Contoh :
· If I see him, I will
invite him to the party tomorrow.
·
She would forgive her husband everything, if only he would
come back to her..
·
We should be able to do the job for you quickly, provided
(that) you give us all the necessary information.
·
You must come early unless you will be late.
Latihan soal Adverbial clause
1. All
the members of the parliament applauded _____ the president was walking to his
seat.
a. Even
though c.
otherwise
b. While d.
although
2. ____
three people died of cholera, the old of the village refused to get an
injection against it.
a. Although c. Since
b. However d. Because
3.
_____they are widely perceived
as gentle creatures, hippopotamuses are responsible for more human deaths in
Africa than any other animal.
a. Despite
of c. Even
though
b. Inspite
of d.
Nonetheless
4. In
the future, computers will be ___ a complex device that so individual could
hope to understand how they work.
a. However c. Such
b. So d. Until
5. “What
did your father say when you told him you had lost all your money? “
He was angry ____ he couldn’t say anything.
a. After c. That
b. When d. Therefore
6. _____
a student, you must obey the regulation.
a. As c. Otherwise
b. Whereas d. Therefore
7. We
are now ___ dependent on computers that’s hard to imagine what things would be
like today without them.
a. After c. So
b. Before d. as well as
8. ____
Andy seldom attends classes, he is always one of the best students in class.
a. Because c. if
b. Although d. Since
9. He
is very understanding and helpful. You can meet him_____
a. Whenever
you want
b. Unless
you have time
c. Although
he has plenty of time
d. So
that he gets angry with you
10.
I have decided to buy a car ____________ I can go to work
easily.
a. So
that c.
Provided that
b. In
case d.
Although
Kunci
Jawaban
1. B
2. A
3. C
4. C
5. D
6. A
7. C
8. B
9. A
10. A
Sumber :
Revolusi Belajar Super Intensif XII IPA.
2011.Ganesha Operation
Direct and Indirect Speech
Direct Speech (Kalimat
Langsung) ialah kata-kata kalimat yang diucapkan langsung oleh si pembicara. Indirect
Speech (Kalimat
Tak Langsung) ialah kalimat yang diucapkan untuk melaporkan kata-kata si pembicara kepada orang lain. Jadi,
Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) digunakan bila kita ingin melaporkan
kata-kata seseorang kepada orang lain secara tak langsung.
Dalam
reported speech, bila present tense diubah ke dalam past tense, kata sifat,
kata kerja atau kata keterangan umumnya diubah:
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
This =
ini
|
That =
itu
|
These =
ini
|
Those =
itu
|
Come =
datang
|
Go =
pergi
|
Here =
disini
|
There =
disana
|
Hence =
dari sini
|
Thence =
dari sana
|
Ago =
yang lalu
|
Before =
lebih dahulu
|
Now =
sekarang
|
Then =
pada waktu itu
|
Today =
hari ini
|
That day
= hari itu
|
Tomorrow
= besok
|
Next day
= hari berikutnya
|
Yesterday
= kemarin
|
The
previous day = hari sebelumnya
|
Last
night = tadi malam
|
The
previous night = semalam sebelumnya
|
Next
week = minggu depan
|
The
following week = minggu berikutnya
|
Thus =
begini
|
So =
begitu
|
Contoh:
He said,
“I will come here.”
|
Contoh :
He said
that he would go there
|
Direct &Indirect Speech terdiri dari:
I. Statement
(pernyataan)
II. Imperative
sentences (kalimat perintah)
III. Interrogative
sentences (kalimat Tanya)
IV.
Mixed Type (jenis gabungan)
Berikut
ini akan dijelaskan :
I.
Statement (Pernyataan)
Dalam
Indirect Statement kita menggunakan kata that (bahwa)
sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar (introduce phrase) dan kata-kata
yang dilaporkan (reported words). Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam indirect
statement ialah :
He said --->
He said to
me ----> that
+ reported words
He told me ---->
Example :
a) Father said “I am going out of town
tomorrow”
-
Father said that he was going out of town the following day.
b) My sister said to me “I don’t like
tennis”
- My sister said to me that she didn’t
like tennis.
c) Tom said “I didn’t go to school this
morning”
- Tom said that he hadn’t gone to
school that morning.
Apabila kalimat pengantarnya dalam
bentuk Simple Present Tense, maka kalimat yang dilaporkan tidak mengalami
perubahan.
Example :
a) Mary says “I have seen that film”
- Mary says that
she has seen that film.
b) My brother says “I met Tom at the party
last night”
- My brother says that he met Tom at the party last
night.
c)
Tom says “I don’t like English”
- Tom
says that he don’t like English
II.
Imperative sentences (kalimat perintah)
Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat perintah, reporting verb say
atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang menandakan :
a) Command :
Direct: He
said to his servant, “Go away at once!”
Indirect:He
ordered his servant to go away at once
b) Precept :
Direct: She
said to her son, “Study hard!”
Indirect: He advised her son to study hard
c) Request :
Direct: He
said to his friend, “Please lend me your pen!”
Indirect: He
asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his pencil
d) Entreaty :
Direct: He
said to his master, “Pardon me, sir”
Indirect: He begged his master to pardon him.
e) Prohibition :
Direct: She
said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”
Indirect: She forbade her daughter to go there
Command
dibagi dalam 2 (dua) bagian yaitu :
1. Positive
Command
Dalam perintah positif kita
tambahkan to di depan kalimat perintahnya, sebagai
penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan perintah yang dilaporkan.
Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam jenis ini ialah :
He asked me--->
He told me ----> to + infinitive
Example :
a) He asked me “Open your book”
- He asked me to open my book.
b) John told Mary “Wait until I come”
- John told Mary to wait until he
comes
c)
The teacher said to the students “Be quiet while I am talking”
- Teacher told the students to be quiet while she is talking.
2. Negative
Command
Dalam perintah
negatif kita tambahkan not to di depan
perintah yang dilaporkan.
Example :
a) I told him “Don’t mention it to
anyone”
- I
told him not to mention it to anyone.
b) Father asked her “Don’t go there
alone”
- Father
asked her not to go there alone.
c) Mothers asked John “Don’t smoke too
much”
- Mother
asked John not to smoke too much.
III. Interrogative
sentences (kalimat tanya)
Bila pertanyaan langsung (direct
question) menggunakan kata-kata tanya seperti ; Where, When, Why, What, Who,
How, dll, maka kata-kata tersebut digunakan
sebagai penghubung dalam reported Speech.
Example :
a) I asked him : “When did you get back from your
trip ?”
- I asked him when he had got back
from his trip.
b) The
man asked me : “Where do you live ?”
-
The man asked me where I lived
c) John asked the girl : “What is your name ?”
- John asked the girl what her name
was.
d) He asked me : “How will you go there ?”
- He asked me how I would go there.
Bila pertanyaan langsung tidak menggunakan
kata-kata tanya, dan hanya merupakan pertanyaan dalam bentuk “Yes
& No Question”, maka kita menggunakan kata-kata if,
whether (jika, apakah) sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar
dan pertanyaan yang dilaporkan.
Example :
a) The teacher asked her : “Have you finish your
homework ?”
- The teacher asked her if he had finished her homework.
b) We asked them : “Will you go to the movie with
us tonight ?”
- We asked them whether they would go to the movie with
us that night.
c) Mother
asked John : “Are you going to marry her ?”
- Mother asked John if he
was going to marry her.
Note : Baik if maupun whether dapat
digunakan bergantian
IV.
REPORTED SPEECH / MIXED TYPE (Jenis Gabungan)
Bila
pertanyaan dan pernyataan digabung dalam Reported Speech maka kita menggunakan
kata as (karena) sebagai penghubung pada bagian kalimat
pernyataan yang dilaporkan. Dalam hal ini kalimat pernyataan tersebut dilaporkan
kemudian. Perhatikanlah contoh-contoh berikut.
Example
:
a) I asked her :”How long have you been studying
English ?”, Your accent is very good.
- I asked her how long she had been
studying English as he her accent was very good.
b) She said
:”It is cold inside,” Is the window open ?
- She said that it was cold
inside and asked if the window was open.
c) He told me :”I am off to the movie,” Where
are you going ?”
- He
told me that he was off to the movie and asked me where I was
going.
d) She asked me :”What is the time ?”, my watch
has stopped.
- She
asked me what the time was as her watch had stopped.
Bila dalam pertanyaan langsung disertai dengan
jawaban Yes dan No, maka kita menggunakan kata but sebagai
penghubung untuk jawaban No dan kata and sebagai
penghubung untuk jawaban Yes.
Example :
a) Father asked me :”Are you going to the movie
tonight ?” Yes.
- Father
asked me if I was going to the movie that night and I said I
was.
b) I
asked her :”Do you like vegetables ?” Yes, I do.
- Is
asked her if she liked vegetables and she said she did.
c) Mother
asked John :”Have you had lunch ?” No, I haven’t.
- Mother
asked John if he had had lunch but he said he hadn’t.
d) She
asked me :”Can you meet me tomorrow ?” No.
- She
asked me if I could meet her the following day but I said I
couldn’t.
Direct & Indirect with Auxiliaries
Perhatikan perubahan-perubahan yang perlu dari
Auxiliaries
Direct Indirect
Was/were - had
been
can - could
may - might
must & have
to - had
to
must
not - wasn’t
to /musn’t
needn’t - didn’t
have to
Example :
a) The man asked me :” Can you speak English ?”
- The man asked me
if I could speak English.
b) The police told me :” You must not drive
without license.”
- The police told me that I wasn’t
to drive without license.”
c) Mary said to John :”You may come to
my house tomorrow.”
- Mary
said to John that she might come to his house the following day.
Latihan Soal Direct and Indirect Speech
1. Kiranti said to Tono, “Did you
finish homework ?”
Kiranti asked Tono …
a. whether he finished his homework
b. whether he has finished his homework
c. if he finished his homework
d. if he had finished his homework
Kiranti asked Tono …
a. whether he finished his homework
b. whether he has finished his homework
c. if he finished his homework
d. if he had finished his homework
2.
Mother : Do you want meatballs or fried chicken?
Mother asked me ____
a. whether I wanted meatball or fried shicken
b. whether I want meatball or fried chicken
c. that I wanted meatball or fried chicken
d. that I want meatball or fried chicken
Mother asked me ____
a. whether I wanted meatball or fried shicken
b. whether I want meatball or fried chicken
c. that I wanted meatball or fried chicken
d. that I want meatball or fried chicken
3.
Beckham : Did you know what Fingo said
yesterday?
Raul : Of course. He said ____ the previous day.
a. had gone to his country c. he will go to his country
Raul : Of course. He said ____ the previous day.
a. had gone to his country c. he will go to his country
b. he has gone to his country
d. he went to his country
4.
Doctor : Open your
mouth!
Mother : What did the doctor tell you?
Son : The doctor told me ___
a. that I open his mouth c. to open my mouth
b. if I opened my mouth d. opened my mouth
Mother : What did the doctor tell you?
Son : The doctor told me ___
a. that I open his mouth c. to open my mouth
b. if I opened my mouth d. opened my mouth
5. Teacher : Why was Mary absent yesterday?
Jenifer : What did the teacher want to know, Ferdy?
Ferdy : he wanted to know ____
a. if Mary was absent c. that Mary had been absent
b. why Mary was absent d. why Mary had been absent
Jenifer : What did the teacher want to know, Ferdy?
Ferdy : he wanted to know ____
a. if Mary was absent c. that Mary had been absent
b. why Mary was absent d. why Mary had been absent
6.
Mother : Don’t be so
noisy, Herman. The baby is sleeping.
Herman : Okay, mom.
Rudy : What did your mother just told you?
Herman : She told me ___ because the baby was sleeping.
a. I wasn’t so noisy c. I am very noisy
b. not to be so noisy d. to be not so noisy
Herman : Okay, mom.
Rudy : What did your mother just told you?
Herman : She told me ___ because the baby was sleeping.
a. I wasn’t so noisy c. I am very noisy
b. not to be so noisy d. to be not so noisy
7. Maya
said to her sister, “Don’t go there!”
Maya asked her
sister…..
a. not to go there c. please don’t go there
b. Will
not go there d. to not go
there
8. Rini
said to Tono, “Do you see my pencil?”
Rini asked Tono….
a. Whether
if he see Rini’s pencil c.
Whether he has saw Rini’s pencil
b. If
he saw Rini’s pencil d.
If he had saw Rini’s pencil
9. Direct
: He said to his master, “Pardon me, sir”
Indirect : He _________________________
a. Forbade
his master to pardon him
b. Ordered
his master to pardon me
c. Begged
his master to pardon him
d. Advised
his master to pardon him
10. Direct
: He said, “I have seen this place.”
Indirect : He said that
he _______________
a. Have
see that place c.
Have saw that place
b. Had
see that place d.
Had seen that place
Kunci Jawaban :
1. D
2. A
3. A
4. C
5. D
6. B
7. A
8. B
9. C
10. D
Sumber :
1) Hartanto,
John S. 1996. Accurate, Brief and Clear
English Grammar. Surabaya: INDAH
