ADVERB vs ADJECTIVE & DEGREE OF COMPARISON

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Nama      : Rose Iman Sari

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ADVERB vs ADJECTIVE

Definition of Adverb :

An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, adjective, other adverb, determiner, noun phrase, clause, or sentence. Adverbs typically express manner, place, time, frequency, degree, level of certainty, etc., answering questions such as how?, in what way?, when?, where?, and to what extent?. This function is called the adverbial function, and may be realised by single words (adverbs) or by multi-word expressions (adverbial phrases and adverbial clauses).

Adverbs are traditionally regarded as one of the parts of speech. However, modern linguists note that it has come to be used as a kind of "catch-all" category, used to classify words with various different types of syntactic behavior, not necessarily having much in common except that they do not fit into any of the other available categories (noun, adjective, preposition, etc.)

For example:

·         * The dog quickly ran to his owner. The word "quickly" describes and modifies the verb ran. It  also answers the question "how". How did the dog run? It ran "quickly".

·         * He chewed slowly.

·        *  She dove deeply.

·         * The mouse nervously scurried.

Functions of an Adverb:

Adverbs typically add information about time(rarely, frequently, tomorrow), manner(slowly, quickly, willingly), or place (here, there, everywhere) in addition to a wide range of other meanings.

THE DIFFERENCE

An adjective tells us more about a noun. Example: an expensive car, a clever girl

An adverb tells us more about a verb. Example: He talked nervously.

There is a lot of difference between an adjective and adverb on the basis of their usage and types. Adjective is a word that describes, qualifies and identifies a noun or pronoun, whereas an adverb describes a verb, adjective or other adverbs. An adjective usually, but not all the time, comes before the noun or the pronoun which it describes.

For example: the leaves of that tree are yellow. Here yellow is the adjective describing leaves (noun).

Basically or broadly an adjective defines a noun and an adverb describes a verb.

Summary:

1.Adjective is a word that describes, qualifies and identifies a noun or pronoun, whereas an adverb describes a verb, adjective or other adverbs.

2.Adjective modifies a pronoun but adverb modifies an adjective.

3.Adjective comes before the noun or pronoun it describes.

Definition of Adjective :

Adjectives are descriptive words which are used to add detail to a sentence. They can give important or necessary information (e.g. Please hand me the blue paper), or they can just make the sentence more interesting or detailed (e.g. A frigid, icy, painfully cold wind blew around the town). Adjectives modify (describe) nouns.

Function of Adjective :

There are two main uses of adjectives, namely describing and classifying.

a.        Describing Function/Descriptive Adjective

An adjective can be used to describe the quality of a noun. It helps answer the question "what is X like?", where X is the noun. For example,

·           The quick fox jumps over the lazy dog. ('Quick' describes the fox. 'Lazy' describes the dog.)

Describing adjectives can be modified by adverbs of degree like 'very' or 'extremely'.

b.        Classifying Function/Limiting Adjective

An adjective can be used to classify a noun. It indicates quantity, number or a limit to the word it modifies. It helps answer the question "what is the type of X?", where X is the noun. For example,

·         These two British tourists know how to speak Italian. ('British' tells us the 'type' (nationality) of the tourists.)

Classifying adjectives cannot be modified by adverbs of degree like 'very' or 'extremely'.

·          I prefer red wine to white wine. ('Very red wine' and 'very white wine' are not acceptable, because 'red' and 'white' function as classifying adjectives here.)

Adjective or adverb? In English most (but not all) adverbs have a different form (spelling) than their corresponding adjective. It is important, therefore, that you know whether you need an adjective or an adverb in the sentences you want to say or write. Generally, adjectives are used to describe nouns and adverbs are used with verbs to say how things are done. In the following examples, the adjectives are red and the adverbs are blue:

• He's a beautiful singer. - He sings beautifully.
• She's a very quick runner. - She can run very quickly.
• He's a careless writer. - He writes carelessly.
• She's a good worker. - She works well.

Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. (You can recognize adverbs easily because many of them are formed by adding -ly to an adjective, though that is not always the case.) The most common question that adverbs answer is how.

Let's look at verbs first.

·         "She sang beautifully." Beautifully is an adverb that modifies sang. It tells us how she sang.

·         "The cellist played carelessly." Carelessly is an adverb that modifies played. It tells us how the cellist played.

Adverbs also modify adjectives and other adverbs.

·         "That woman is extremely nice." Nice is an adjective that modifies the noun woman. Extremely is an adverb that modifies nice; it tells us how nice she is. How nice is she? She's extremely nice.

·         "It was a terribly hot afternoon." Hot is an adjective that modifies the noun afternoon. Terribly is an adverb that modifies the adjective hot. How hot is it? Terribly hot.

DEGREE OF COMPARISON

Definition :

A degree of comparison is a way to compare a person or thing either to one other person or thing or to a group of people or things. There are three different forms of a degree of comparison. The positive form is the basic, simplest form; the comparative form is when two people or things are compared; and the superlative form is when three or more people or things are compared. Degrees of comparison are only used with adverbs and adjectives.

The three different forms of comparison are the positive, the comparative and the superlative. The positive is the form of the adjective that describes one noun. The comparative form of the adjective compares two nouns. The superlative form of the adjective compares more than two nouns.

Look the Examples. The adjectives are in italics :

·         Mercury is a large planet.                               (positive)

·         Earth is larger than Mercury                           (comparative)

·         Jupiter is the largest planet of all.                   (superlative)

Some adjectives change spelling in the comparative and superlative forms when er and est are added respectively. If the adjective in the positive form ends in y, the y is changed to i and the endings er or est are added in the comparative and superlative. With a common adjective such as big, the final g is doubled in the comparative and superlative forms before the er and est are added.

Look the Examples. The adjectives are in italics :

-          Big Dolphin                             (positive)

-          Bigger Dolphin                       (comparative)

-          Biggest Dolphin                      (superlative)

If an adjective has more than one syllable, the word more or less is placed in front of the positive form of the adjective in the comparative form and the er is not added. If the adjective has three or more syllables, the word most or least is placed in front of the positive form of the adjective.

Look the example below :

-          Intelligent animal                    (Positive)

-          More Intelligent animal           (Comparative)

-          Most Intelligent animal           (Superlative)

Some common adjectives have irregular comparative and superlative forms. The table below gives examples of the positive, comparative and superlative forms of these adjectives.

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Good	Better	Best
Bad	Worse	Worst
Little	Less	Least
Much, many, some	More	Most
Far	Further	Furthest

There are some adjectives that aren't used in the comparative or the superlative

These would include: absolute, adequate, chief, complete, devoid, entire, fatal, final, ideal, impossible, inevitable, irrevocable, main, manifest, minor, parmount, perpetual, preferable, principal, stationary, sufficient, unanimous, unavoidable, unbroken, unique, universal, whole.

POSITIVE DEGREE

The Positive Degree is used to denote the mere existence of quality. The Positive Degree of an adjective in comparison is the adjective in its simple form. It is used to denote the mere existence of some quality of what we speak about. It is used when no comparison is made.

Examples :

- You cry as loud as my baby (kamu menangis sekeras bayiku).

- I am not as handsome as my father (aku tidak seganteng ayahku).

- Your smile is as sweet as mine (senyummu semanis senyumku).

- She works as hard as her manager (dia bekerja sekeras managernya).

- Life is not as difficult as you think (hidup itu tidak sesulit yang kamu pikirkan)

COMPARATIVE DEGREE

The Comparative Degree is used to compare the qualities of two persons or things.The Comparative Degree denotes the existence of a higher degree of the quality than the positive. It is used when two things (or two sets of things) are compared.

Examples :

- Your car is bigger than mine (mobilmu lebih besar dari mobilku)

- She can dive deeper than me (dia bisa menyelam lebih dalam daripada aku)

- I am smarter than you (aku lebih pintar daripada kamu)

- She drives better than me (dia menyetir dengan lebih baik daripada aku)

- Jack can climb the cliff higher than the others (Jack bisa memanjat tebing itu lebih tinggi daripada yang lain)

SUPERLATIVE DEGREE

The Superlative Degree denotes the existence of the highest degree of the quality. It is used when more than two things are compared.

Examples :

- Komodo dragon is the biggest lizard in the world (Komodo adalah kadal terbesar di dunia)

- For me you are the most beautiful girl I have ever met (Bagiku kamu adalah gadis tercantik yang pernah ku temui).

- I will do my best to help you (Aku akan melakukan yang terbaik untuk membantumu)

- Our company delivers the fastest of your goods (Perusahaan kami mengantar Anda yang paling cepat).

- You must try the most spiciest condiment in this restaurant (Kamu harus coba sambal yang paling pedas di restoran ini)

The Superlative Degree is used when more than two nouns or things are compared.

·         Johnsy is kind (Positive Degree)

·         Johnsy is kinder than Rosy (Comparative Degree)

·         Johnsy is the kindest of all (Superlative Degree)

SUMBER :

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverb

http://www.english-4u.de/adjective_adverb.htm

http://esl.fis.edu/grammar/rules/adadv.htm

http://www.grammarly.com/handbook/grammar/adjectives-and-adverbs/1/what-are-adjectives/

http://www.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_difference_between_adjectives_and_adverbs

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/owlprint/536/

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/English_Grammar/Basic_Parts_of_Speech/Adjectives

http://www.differencebetween.net/language/difference-between-adjective-and-adverb/

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-degree-of-comparison.htm

http://www.mcwdn.org/adjective/degreesofcomparison.html

http://inggrisonline.com/penjelasan-lengkap-tentang-degree-of-comparison-superlative-comparative/

http://www.weblearn.in/degrees_of_comparison/