Tugas
Bahasa Inggris
Softskill
Noun
Clause & Conjunctions
Disusun
oleh :
Rose
Iman Sari
16211462
1EA25
Universitas
Gunadarma
2012
Noun Clause
Noun clause has a subject and verb. It is used as the subject or object in a sentence. A noun clause is a dependent clause that works like a noun. You can find it as a subject or object. Noun clauses differ from the adjective clauses and adverb clauses in that, instead of modifying another word, they replace a noun or pronoun in a sentence. Noun clauses are introduced by what we will call connectives - not a specific part of speech since the connective can be used in various ways in the noun clause. The connective may or may not have a function in the clause.
Common connectives for noun clauses :
how
|
when
|
which
|
whom
|
||
that
|
where
|
whichever
|
whomever
|
||
| what |
wherever
|
who
|
|||
whatever
|
whether
|
whoever
|
There are 5 kinds of
noun clause :
1.
As the subject of a sentence
2.
As the object of a sentence
3.
As a subject complement
4.
As an object complement
5.
After Preposition
As the subject of a
sentence :
1. What you drink every morning
is good for your health.
2. What you said yesterday is important for me.
3. Where your brother studies is famous for its apples.
4. How much money she needs is enough for buying a new car.
2. What you said yesterday is important for me.
3. Where your brother studies is famous for its apples.
4. How much money she needs is enough for buying a new car.
As the object of a
sentence :
1. I will buy what my son wants.
2. I know what you put in your wallet.
3. I don’t believe what you said yesterday.
4. I know why you came late yesterday.
5. I will give you how much money you need.
1. I will buy what my son wants.
2. I know what you put in your wallet.
3. I don’t believe what you said yesterday.
4. I know why you came late yesterday.
5. I will give you how much money you need.
As a Subject
Complement :
1. This is what we need to buy
a new car.
2. That is what you want to read.
3. It is where we got traffic jam yesterday.
4. He is who you looked for last night.
As an Object Complement :
2. That is what you want to read.
3. It is where we got traffic jam yesterday.
4. He is who you looked for last night.
As an Object Complement :
1. She gave me what I needed
yesterday.
2. I will send mother what I wrote last night.
3. My wife cooked me what I like very much.
4. Mrs. Betty teaches us what I need for National test.
2. I will send mother what I wrote last night.
3. My wife cooked me what I like very much.
4. Mrs. Betty teaches us what I need for National test.
After Preposition :
1. She is interested in what
you bought yesterday.
2. He agrees with what you suggested.
3. This book is different from what I borrowed from library.
4. It depends on what we collect from us.
2. He agrees with what you suggested.
3. This book is different from what I borrowed from library.
4. It depends on what we collect from us.
Noun Clauses Beginning with Question Words
Wh- clauses
begin with words like who, what, how, whenever, which, etc.
Example :
Questions
What do
you do in class?
Where
does he work?
What
should I do?
Who are
they?
What happened?
|
Noun Clauses
What we
do in class is easy.
Where he
works is a secret.
I don’t
know what you should do.
Mary
knows who they are.
She knows
what happened.
|
Noun Clauses Beginning with Whether or If
When a Yes/No question is changed to a noun
clause, whether or if is used to introduce the noun clause.
Example :
•
I don't know whether
you have studied noun clauses before.
•
I don't know if
you have studied noun clauses before.
•
I wonder if it will rain tomorrow.
•
I wonder if it will rain tomorrow or not.
•
I wonder whether or not Mary went to work yesterday.
•
I wonder whether Mary went to work yesterday or not.
•
Whether he invites her or not is important.
Question Words Followed by Infinitive
Question words (when, where, how, who, whom, whose,
what, which) and whether may be followed by an infinitive.
Example :
•
My mother told me where to go.
-
My mother told me where I should go.
•
He can’t decide whether to accept the offer or not.
-
He can’t decide whether he should accept the offer
or not.
•
Please tell me how to operate this machine.
-
Please tell me how I could operate this machine.
Noun
Clauses Beginning with That
Example :
•
I think that the war will end soon.
•
I think the war will end soon.
•
I know (that) he will be successful.
•
Teachers claim that grammar is fun.
•
That Mary studied very hard was obvious to John.
(That Mary
studied very hard) is the subject of the sentence.
•
That pollution affects the quality of our lives is obvious.
•
It is obvious that pollution affects the quality of
our lives.
•
That he is still alive is a miracle.
•
It is a miracle that he is still alive.
EXERCISE
Choose the best answer from the multiple choice
1.
Last week, our cat gave birth to a litter of kittens,
but we didn't know where______.
a.
is our cat d.
our cat were
b.
our cat was e.
was our cat
c.
our cat is
2.
My husband said __________ try to keep them all.
a.
that we shouldn’t d.
don’t we
b.
that shouldn’t we e.
we don’t
c.
we don’t shouldn’t
3.
He told us ________ sad and that it would be better for
everyone.
a.
don’t be d.
doesn’t be
b.
not be e.
wasn’t be
c.
not to be
4.
The kittens are so noisy that I can hardly hear what
________ .
a.
you saying d.
you are saying
b.
do you saying e.
are you saying
c.
was you said
5.
________ happened. All but two of the kittens were
adopted.
a.
what we wanted d.
which we want
b.
what we want e. what do we want
c.
which we wanted
Find out the noun clauses in the following
sentences and state what purpose they serve.
6. I
don’t know where he has gone.
7. He
asked whether the servant had polished his shoes.
8. The
news that he is alive has been confirmed.
9. The
belief that the soul is immortal is almost universal.
10. It
is certain that we will have to admit defeat.
ANSWER KEY
1. B
2. A
3. C
4. D
5. A
6. Here
the noun clause ‘where he has gone’ is the object of the verb know.
7. Here
the noun clause ‘whether the servant had polished his shoes’ is the object of
the verb asked.
8. Here
the noun clause ‘that he is alive’ is in apposition to the noun news.
9. Here
the noun clause ‘that the soul is immortal’ is in apposition to the noun
belief.
10. Here the
noun clause ‘that we will have to admit defeat’ is in apposition to the pronoun
it.
SOURCES
Conjunctions
Conjunctions
are the words we use to link or join two or more sentences together or two
words within the same sentence. The most common conjunctions in English are:
and, but, or, nor, for.
* For example: We eat at home and work in the office (The
conjunction "and" joins the sentences: "we eat at home"
with "we work in the office").
There are 2 kinds of conjunctions :
a) Coordinating Conjunctions
b) Subordinating Conjunctions
A. Coordinating Conjunctions
The same
level of importance of our speech can distinguished by four different ways, and
this is also led to four different types as well :
1. Cumulative (to indicates
the addition)
a. And
= dan
Example :
-
He
didn’t write, and I didn’t feel at rest.
-
My
mother make some cookies and I help to decorate that.
b. Both…and
= dan; juga
Example :
-
He
is both a drunkard and a coward.
-
He
was both degraded and expelled.
c. Also
= juga
Example :
-
He
is polite, and you also.
-
She
can speak English, her brother also.
d. As
well as = dan juga
Example :
-
I
like her performance as well as her character.
-
He
as well as you is guilty
e. No
less than = dan….sama tarafnya
Example :
-
She
no less than you is pretty.
-
I
no less than my brother have a car.
f. Not
only…but = tidak hanya…tetapi
Example :
-
Not
only I, but all the other men declare this to be true
-
Not
only my mother, but my father tell me to study hard.
g. Not
only…but also
= tidak hanya…tetapi juga
Example :
-
She
is not only beautiful but also smart.
-
That
man was not only accused, but also convicted.
h. Now = sejak
Example :
-
Now
that I am older, I understand better.
-
She
has much money now that she work in company.
And still
many more conjunction that not mention above. There are : moreover (lagipula), besides (disamping
itu), furthermore (selanjutnya,
lagipula), likewise (seperti itu
pula).
2. Alternative ( to indicate choice between two)
a. Either…or = …atau
Example :
-
Either
that boy sinned or his parents
-
Either
you or me must do the homework
b. Neither…nor
= tidak/bukan…ataupun
Example :
-
I
neither saw him nor heard him
-
She
neither like tea nor coffee
c. Or
= atau ; kalau tidak
Example :
-
You
or Thomas is wrong
-
Don’t
approach a step nearer, or you will be killed.
d. Else
= kalau tidak
Example :
-
Run,
else you will be late
-
Do
your homework, else you will get punishment
e. Otherwise
= kalau tidak
Example :
-
You
must take rest, otherwise you’ll lose your health.
-
You
must study hard, otherwise you get bad score.
And still
many more conjunction that not mention above. There are : On the other hand (sebaliknya), notwithsatanding
(meskipun), on the contrary
(sebaliknya).
3. Adversative ( to indicate contrast )
a. But
= tetapi
Example :
-
He
is poor, but honest
-
I
don’t have much money but I can go abroad.
b. Still
= namun, tetapi…masih
Example :
-
I
have long time no see her, but She still remember me
-
She
is very rich, still she isn’t contented .
c. Yet
= namun, sekalipun begitu
Example :
-
She
failed to be the winner, yet she isn’t sad.
-
He
got accident two days ago, yet he look fine.
d. Nevertheless = namun
Example :
-
He
is clever man, nevertheless he often makes mistakes.
-
She
is famous at her school, nevertheless she isn’t arrogant.
e. However
= tetapi
Example :
-
My
mother is a business woman however she has time for family.
-
I
want to buy that car however I don’t have much money.
f. Whereas
= sedangkan ; sebaliknya ; padahal
Example :
-
I
thought it was gold, whereas it was only an article of brass.
-
Wise
men love truth, whereas fools shun it.
g. While
= sedangkan ; meskipin ; sementara ; ketika
Example :
-
Mahogany
is a hard wood, while pine is soft.
-
You
may sit down, while I stand.
h. Only
= cuma; sayangnya
Example :
-
I’d
have come to your house, only I didn’t know.
-
The
book is interesting, only too long.
4. Illative
(to indicate result )
a. Therefore
= oleh karena itu
Example :
-
He
was out of health, therefore he couldn’t go to school.
-
She
like cooking, therefore she join cooking competition.
b. So = oleh sebab itu
Example :
-
It
is time to go, so let us start.
-
She
is sick, so we take her to the hospital.
c. So
then = maka
Example :
-
Nobody’s
perfect, so then just be yourself.
-
He
is an easy going person, so then many people like him.
d. Then
= maka
Example :
-
If
you wrong, then you must admit it.
-
The
vase is broken then I give glue.
e. For
= Karena
Example :
-
It
is going to rain, for the barometer is falling.
-
My
mother will angry for I’m failed in the exam.
And still
many more conjunction that not mention above. There are : accordingly (jadi, karena itu, maka) ; consequently (oleh karnanya) ; thus
(jadi, maka) ; hence (sebab itu), wherefore (mengapa).
B.
Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating
conjunctions are used to join two sentences when one of them is depending on
the first one. The majority of conjunctions are "subordinating
conjunctions". They are:
Who
Wich That Although, though While Since Until As if, as though After Before How |
So
that
When Lest Why If In order that Unless Whether... or Because of Where Whether |
A
subordinate or dependent clause "depends" on a main or independent
clause. It cannot exist alone.
For example: "Although I work hard" does not make any sense.
But a main or independent clause can exist alone. For example: "I'm
still broke."
Modes of dependences :
1.
Apposition
Example : He made a promise that he would
return soon.
Independent
clause : He made a promise
Dependent
clause : that he would return soon.
2.
Cause or Reason
Example : He couldn’t go because he was ill.
Independent
clause : He couldn’t go
Dependent
clause : because he was ill.
3.
Effect or influence
Example
: He ran so fast that he made himself
tired.
Independent clause :
He ran so fast
Dependent clause : that he made
himself tired.
4.
Intent or purpose
Example
: He shouted at the top of his
voice in order that he might be heard.
Independent clauses :
He shouted at the top of his voice
Dependent clause : in
order that he might be heard.
5.
Requirement
Example
: We must do as he are told,
whether we wish it or not.
Independent clauses :
We must do as he are told
Dependent clause : whether
we wish it or not.
6.
Concession
Example
: He
is an honest man, though he is poor.
Independent clauses : He is an honest
man
Dependent clause : though he is poor.
7.
Comparison
a. In
the same level :
The
same properties were compared
Example
:
· She is as tall as I (am).
·
He is as clever as you.
Different properties
compared
Example
:
She is as good as she is wise
b. In
the different level :
The
same properties were compared
Example
: He is more clever than I (am).
Different properties
compared
Example
:
The sea is deeper than the mountain are high.
8.
Extent or manner
Example
: The train hasn’t arrived yet, as
far as I know.
Independent clause :
The train hasn’t arrived yet,
Dependent clause : as
far as I know.
9.
Time
Example : She called on her neighbor, as
the clock struck six.
Independent clause : She called on her
neighbor,
Dependent clause : as the clock struck
six.
Exercise
Choose the correct answer
1. She must wash her clothes ____ she nothing to wear tomorrow
a.only d.accordingly
b.unless e.proving
that
c.otherwise
2. I went home late at
night _____ there was something to do at
the office.
a.
because d.
only
b.
as e.
although
c.
otherwise
3. _____ Andy seldom
attend classes, he is always one of the best student in the class.
a. otherwise d.
although
b. since e.
because
c. If
4. ____ rich he may be, he is never contented.
a. since d.
If
b. however e.
as
c. only
5. ____ not study at
home, I passed the exam.
a. accordingly d.
thus
b. hence e.
In spite of
c. since
6. Write it down ____ you don’t forget.
a. when d.
since
b. so that e.
because
c. hence
7. _____ he
was the best qualified candidate, he didn't get the job.
a. although d.
therefore
b. so that e.
when
c. thus
8. Are you going to the party, ____ will you
stay at home?
a. and d. or
b. but e.
for
c. so
9.
The items are on sale in the local store _____ not online.
a.
but d.
or
b.
nor e.
though
c.
and
10. Luke was late to the party ______ his
car broke down on the highway.
a.
but d.
If
b.
and e.
where
c.
because
Answer
Key
1. C
2. A
3. D
4. B
5. E
6. B
7. B
8. D
9. A
10. C
Sources
:
7. http://www.better-english.com/grammar/con2.htm
8. Hartanto,
John S. 1996. Accurate, Brief and Clear English Grammar. Surabaya: INDAH
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